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What Is Paper?
True paper is characterized as thin sheets made from fiber that has been macerated until each individual filament is a separate unit. Medieval paper was made of diluted cotton, linen fiber. (Hunter 1943, 117) The fibers are then intermixed with water and by the use of a sieve-like screen, the fibers are lifted from the water leaving a sheet of matted fiber on the screen. The thin layer of intertwined fiber is paper.
(Hunter 1943, 5)
Many people include think of papyrus and rice paper as paper. They are not. Papyrus is not made from macerated fiber so, it is not true paper. Papyrus is made from a grasslike aquatic plant in the sedge family called Cyperus papyrus. It has woody, bluntly triangular stems that are cut or sliced end to end with metal knife. Then these thin "boards" are pasted together much like laminated wood. (http://education.yahoo.com/search/be?lb=t&p=url%3Ap/papyrus )
Rice paper is not paper. It is made from strips of the cut spirally from the pith of the rice paper tree, a small Asiatic tree or shrub, Tetrapanax papyriferum, that is widely cultivated in China and Japan. The pith is cut into a thin layer of ivory-like texture by means of a sharp knife. (American Paper and Pulp Association, 1965, 17). Parchment and vellum are also not paper. They are made from the skins of animals (Hunter 1943,6)
Where It Began.
Paper as we know it, was invented in China, AD 105, by the Chinese Eunuch Ts'ai Lun. It was, thin, feted, formed, flat made in porous molds from macerated vegetable fiber. (Hunter 1943,4) Before the 3rd century AD, the first paper was made of disintegrating cloth- bark of trees and vegetation such as mulberry, hemp, china grass (Hunter 1943,56)Paper was used in China from AD 868, for engraving religious pictures and reached its height of in 1634 with the wooden block prints made popular by Sung Ying-hsing.
The technology of making paper moved from China to Japan and then to Korea in AD 610 where it was commonly made from mulberry bark and Gampi. Later it was made from bamboo and rice straw. (Hunter 1943,59)
Marco Polo gave one of the first descriptions of Chinese papermaking in his 'Milione'. He mentions that the Chinese emperors jealously guard the secrets of papermaking and that fine paper is manufactured from vegetable fiber: rice or tea straw, bamboo canes and hemp rag cloth.
Chinese paper made from bark and the fibers of rags and hemp may have traveled on caravans following the Gobi Desert, the Desert of Takla Makan and the Tarim Valley and finally arrived in Samarkan. But papermaking was a closely guarded secret and it was not actually made there until after 751 AD. In 751 the Chinese lost a battle in Turkistan on the banks of the Tharaz River. It was recorded that among the Chinese prisoners were skilled papermakers. The craftsmen began making paper in Samarkan. (Hunter 1943,60)
Samarkan was a good place to make paper because it had an abundant supply of hemp and flax and pure water. (Hunter 1943,61)
It has been conjectured that the first paper mill was established in Baghdad (http://www.al-bab.com/arab/literature/lit.htm)
Papermaking then spread to Damascus and to Egypt and Morocco. It took 500 years to find its way to Europe. (Hunter 1943, 115)By the end of the 10th century, paper had replaced parchment and papyrus in the Arab world. ( http://www.al-bab.com/arab/literature/lit.htm)
The is a comparatively large number of early Arabic manuscripts. on paper dating from the 9th century. The material of the Arab paper was apparently substantially linen. It seems that the Arabs, and the skilled Persian workmen whom they employed, at once resorted to flax, which grows abundantly in Khorasan, as their principal material, afterwards also making use of rags, supplemented, as the demand grew, with any vegetable fibre that would serve; cotton, if used at all, was used very sparingly. Paper of Oriental manufacture in the Middle Ages can be distinguished by its stout substance and glossy surface, and was devoid of water-marks. (Stutermeister 1954, 11)Paper In Europe
The first mention of rag-paper occurs in the tract of Peter, abbot of Cluny (A.D. 1122 - 1150), adversus ludaeos, cap. 5. (http://www.manufactura.cz/paper.htm)s
Several manuscripts survive that were written in European, countries on Oriental paper or paper made in the Oriental fashion. The oldest recorded document on paper was a deed of King Roger of Sicily, of the year 1102; and there are others of Sicilian kings in the 12th century. A notarial register on paper, at Geneva, dates, from 1154. The oldest known imperial deed on the same material is a charter of Frederick II to the nuns of Goess in Styria, of the year 1228, now at Vienna. In 1231, Frederick II forbade further use of paper for public documents; which were in future to be inscribed on vellum. In Venice the Liber plegiorum, the entries in which begin with the year 1223, is made of rough paper; as are the registers of the Council of Ten, beginning in 1325; and the register of the emperor Henry VII. (1308--1313) preserved in Turin. In the British Museum there is an older example in a manuscript. (Arundel 268) which contains some astronomical treatises written on an excellent paper in an Italian hand from the first half of the 13th century. In the public Record Office there is a letter on paper from Raymond, son of Raymond, Duke of Narbonne and count of Toulouse, to Henry III of England, written during the years 1216-1222. The letters addressed from Castile to Edward I., in1279 and following years (Pauli in Bericht, Berl. Akad., I854), are instances of Spanish made paper. (Stutermeister 1954, 11)
There is a record of paper being used by the Empress Irene in Greece at the end of the 13th century, but with one doubtful exception, there are no extant Greek manuscripts on paper before the middle of the 13th century. http://www.manufactura.cz/paper.htmPapermaking Comes To Europe
The Muslim conquest of Spain brought papermaking into Europe. The English word "ream" (meaning 500 sheets) is derived through Spanish and French from the Arabic word rizmah that translates as "a bundle". ( http://www.al-bab.com/arab/literature/lit.htm)
Both Spain and Italy claim to be the first to manufacture paper in Europe. (Hunter 1943, 115) One of the first paper mills in Europe was in Xativa (now Jativa or St. Felipe de Javita in the ancient city of Valencia and it can be dated to AD 1151. (Hunter 1943, 153) Some scholars claim that the Arabs built the Xativa mill in approximately AD 1009. Papermaking continued under Moorish rule until 1244 when the moors were expelled. Paper making then began to gradually spread across Christian Europe. (http://www.mead.com/ml/docs/facts/history.html)
The first wire mold for making paper is identified in Spain dating to 1150. Bamboo molds were common in China, but it was not readily available in Europe.
The bamboo allowed the mold to be flexible, but the European rigid wire mold, was better suited to the formation of rag fiber. Europeans also invented the Fence or Deckle, which keeps the paper within bonds (Hunter 1943, 115).
The earliest paper was called 'cloth parchment', but it often contained wood and straw in addition to cloth. All these raw materials were beaten to a fine pulp and mixed with water. Sheets of paper were then pressed out, dried and hardened.
(http://www.dartfordarchive.org.uk/technology/paper.shtml)
The demand for paper was slight in the 1st Century Europe (Hunter 1943, 153) . Paper cost more than vellum, it was more fragile than parchment and it was associated with Jews and Arabs who were not trusted. (Hunter 1943, 61) In fact, The Church in Western Europe initially banned the use of paper calling it a 'pagan art' believing that animal parchment was the only thing 'holy' enough to carry the Sacred Word. (http://members.aol.com/Ppreble2/history2.html)
It was only with the advent of printing in the middle of the 15th Century that the demand became greater. (Hunter 1943, 153)The first representation of the printing process is the 1568 wood print Der Papierer by Jost Amman in the Little Book of trades . (Hunter 1943, 5)
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