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The Basic Practices of Islam
Now we want to focus on the most important of those works.
These are summarized in what are usually called the "Five Pillars of
Islam."
The first pillar is recitation of the creed: "There is
no God but Allah, and Muhammed is his prophet." It is commonly held that
to recite this creed in the presence of two witnesses is to constitute oneself
a Muslim--one in submission to God. Of course, the word Islam simply means
"submission."
The second pillar is the regular practice of prayers. Sunni
Muslims are required to recite specific prayers accompanied by prescribed
motions five times daily. (Shi'ites do so only three times a day.) All male
Muslims are also enjoined to meet for community prayer (and sermon) each Friday
at noon.
The third pillar is almsgiving. Born an orphan himself,
Muhammed was deeply concerned for the needy. The Koran requires that 2.5% of
one's income be given to the poor or to the spread of Islam.
The fourth pillar of Islam is the fast during the month of
Ramadan (the ninth lunar month of the Muslim calendar, during which Muhammed is
said to have received the first of his revelations from God, and during which
he and his followers made their historic trek from Mecca to Medina). During
this month, Muslims in good health are required to forego all food and liquid
during daylight hours. This fast promotes the Muslim's self-discipline,
dependence on Allah, and compassion for the needy.
The fifth pillar is the Hajj or pilgrimage to Mecca. If
possible, every Muslim is to make a pilgrimage to Mecca once during his life.
It can be made properly only on a few days during the last month of the Muslim
year. The Hajj promotes the ideas of worldwide unity and equality among
Muslims. But it also contains many elements of prescribed activity that are of
pagan origin.
A sixth pillar, that of jihad, is often added. (The term
means "exertion" or "struggle" in behalf of God.) Jihad is
the means by which those who are outside the household of Islam are brought into
its fold. Jihad may be by persuasion, or it may be by force or "holy
war." The fact that any Muslim who dies in a holy war is assured his place
in paradise provides strong incentive for participation!
Muslims around the world look to these pillars for guidance
in shaping their religious practice. But in addition to these pillars, there
are numerous laws and traditions contained in the Hadith-- literature that was
compiled after the completion of the Koran, that reportedly contains the
example and statements of Muhammed on many topics. Because the laws of the
Hadith and Koran cover virtually every area of life, Islam has well been
referred to as an all-encompassing way of life, as well as a religion.
The fourth article of faith is belief in God's prophets, through
whom Allah appealed to man to follow His will as revealed in His holy books.
There is no agreement as to how many prophets there have been--some say
hundreds of thousands. Among them were Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, and Jesus.
But all agree that Muhammed was God's final and supreme prophet--the
"seal" of the prophets. Though Muhammed himself said that he was a
sinner, nonetheless there are many Muslims throughout the world who appear to
come close to worshiping him.
The fifth article of faith is belief in the absolute
predestinating will of Allah. Though some Muslims have modified this doctrine
somewhat, the Koran seems to support the idea that all things (both good and
evil) are the direct result of God's will. Those who conclude that Islam is a
fatalistic religion have good reason for doing so.
The sixth and final article of faith is belief in the
resurrection and final judgment. At the end of history, God will judge the
works of all men. Those whose good deeds outweigh their bad deeds will enter
into paradise (pictured in rather sensual terms). The rest will be consigned to
hell. The paramount feature of Islamic belief, aside from its strong
monotheism, is that it is a religion of human works. One's position with regard
to Allah is determined by his success in keeping His laws.
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